• Ionization of the gas.
• Charging of the dust particles.
• Movement of charged dust toward the electrodes.
• Capture and deposition of the dust.

1. Flue Gas Temperature: Extreme temperatures can cause condensation, leading to corrosion or short circuits.

2. Smoke Velocity: High velocity prevents dust from settling and can cause "re-entrainment" where collected dust is blown back into the air stream.

3. Board Spacing: Proper spacing is critical for maintaining electric field intensity.

4. Air Leakage: Air entering from the ash hopper or shell reduces temperature and disrupts the electric field, lowering efficiency.

Stage 1 (Pre-treatment): Use primary dust collectors like cyclones or water mist to manage initial dust concentration and resistance.

Stage 2 (Optimization): Improve gas flow distribution, ensure high-quality insulation, and maintain an air leakage rate below 3%.

Stage 3 (Power Management): Utilize high-frequency high-voltage switching power supplies (SIR) which provide 500 times the frequency of conventional units.